Cultivating plants and cattle is the science and art of agriculture. The cultivation of tamed animals produced food surpluses that allowed people to live in cities, and this was the primary factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization. Agriculture has a thousand-year history. Around 11,500 years ago, pioneering farmers started planting wild grains after gathering them starting at least 105,000 years ago. Cattle, sheep, and pigs were domesticated more than 10,000 years ago. At least eleven different parts of the world have independently developed plant cultures. Even though 2 billion people continued to rely on subsistence farming into the twenty-first century, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture eventually became the dominant form of agriculture in the twentieth century.